HANDY HELPS 



IN TUB 



Study and Reading 



OF 



ENGLISH HISTORY 



BY 

ANNIE E. WILSON 



HANDY HELPS 



IN THE; 



Study and Reading 



OR 



ENGLISH HISTORY 



BY 



ANNIE E. WILSON 



PRICE, 25 CENTS. 



J* 

y>w v> t> (0 7 



Copyright, 1SS7. 

Standard Publishing Co., Cincinnati, 0., Print. 



HANDY HELPS IN THE STUDY AND READING OF 
ENGLISH HISTORY. 



GENEALOGY OF THE ENGLISH SOVEREIGNS, 

SHOWING DURATION OF REIGN, MARRIAGE CONNECTIONS, AND ORDER OF SUCCESSION. 

SAXONS AND DANES. 

i. Egbert. 
r. 827-837 (over all England). 

2. Ethelwolf. 
r 837-855- 



3. Ethelbald. 



4. Ethelbert. 
r. 860-866. 



6. Alfred, 
r. 871-901. 

7. Edward I. 
r. 901-925. 



8. Athelstan. 
r. 925-940. 



17. Harold I. 
r. 1035-1040. 

20. Harold II. 



Beatrix, 
m. K. of Denmark. 

I 
I 



Harold K. of Denmark, n. Edwy. 



Sweyn, K. of Denmark 
r. in Eng. 1014-1015. 

16. Canute. 

m. Emma, widow of 

Edmund Ironside. 

r. 1017-1035. 

I 



r- 955-959- 



18. Hardicanute. 
r. 1040-1042. 



9. Edmund I. 
r. 940-946. 
I 



12. Edgar, 
r. 959-975- 



10. Edred. 
r. 946-955. 



13. Edward II. 14. Ethelred II. 
r - 975-979- r. 979-1016. 

m. Emma of Normandv. 



19. Edward III. 15. Edmund II. 
r. 1042-1065. (Ironside.) 

m. Editha. r. 7 mos. of yr. 1016. 

Edward (the Outlaw). 
I 



Edgar Atheling. 



Margaret 
m. K. of Scotland. 
I 
Matilda. 
m. Henry I. of Eng. 



ENGLISH SOVEREIGNS AFTER THE NORMAN CONQUEST. 



21. William I. 

r. 1066-1087. 

m. Matilda of Flanders. 



Robert. 



22. William II. 
(Rufus). 



23. Henry I. (Beauclerc). 

r. 1100-1135. 

m. Matilda of Scotland. 

Matilda. 

! 

25. Henry II. (Plantagenet). 

r. 1154-1189. 

m. Eleanor of Aquitaine. 



Adela. 

m. Stephen of 

Blois. 

I , 
24. Stephen, 
r. 1135-1154. 



26. Richard I. (Cceur de Lion), 

r. 1189-1199. 

m. Berengere of Navarre. 



27. John, 
r. 1199-1216. 
m. 1 Alice of Morlaix. 

2 Isabel of Glouce^'rr, 

3 Isabel of AngouleuiL. 

cS. Henry III. 

r. 1216-1272. 

m. Eleanor of Provence, 



HANDY HELPS IN ENGLISH HISTORY. 



Edmund Crouchback. 



29. Edward I. 
r. 1272-1307. 
in. 1 Eleanor of Castile. 
2 Margaret of France. 

30. Edward II. 
r. 1307-1327. 

m. Isabel of France. 

31. Edward III. 

„*: r 327-i377- 
m. Philippa of Hainault. 



Lionel (2d son). 

Phihppa. 
ra. Edmund Mortimer. 

Roger Mortimer. 

Anne. — m 



Edmund. 
Duke of York. 



Richard Duke of York, 
m. Ann Cecil Nevil. 



Richard. , 

Duke of York. John Beaufort. 



John Beaufort. 
I 



John of Gaunt (3d son). Black Prince, 
m. 1 Blanch of Lancaster, m. Jane of Kent. 

2 Constance of Castile. 

3 Catherine Swynford. 32. Richard II. 

I r- 1377 -I399- 

m. i Anne of Bohemia. 
2 Isabel of France. 



38. Richard III. 36. Edward IV 

|r. 1483-1485. r. 1461-1483. 

m. Ann Nevil. m. Elizabeth Woodville. 



Margaret Beaufort. 

m. Edmund Tudor 

(Son of Owen Tudor & 

Catherine of France.) 



33. Henry IV. (Lancaster), 
r. 1399-1413. 
m. 1 Mary Bohun, 
2 Jane of Navarre. 



, , Henry VII. (Tudor). 

jj. Edward & Richard, Elizabeth. r. 1485-1509. 

Supposed to have been m. Henry VII. m. Elizabeth of York, 
murdered in the 
Tower. 



34. Henry V. 
r. 1413-1422. 

m. Catherine of France (who afterward 
married Owen Tudor). 

! 

35. Henry VI. 
r. 1422-1461. 

m. Margaret of Anjou. 



HOUSES OF TUDOR, STUART AND BRUNSWICK. 



39. Henry VII. 

r. 1485-1509. 
m. Elizabeth of York. 



Margaret. 

m James IV. K. of 

Scotland. 

James V. 

Mary, Queen of Scots. 

44. James I. (of England). 

r. 1603-1625 

m. Anae of Denmark. 



42. Mary, 
r. I553-IS58. 



40. Henry VIII. 
r. 1509-1547. 
m. Six wives. 



41. Edward VI. 
r. J547-I553- 



43. Elizabeth. 
r. 1558-1603. 



Mary. 

m. 1 Louis XII. of France. 

2 Charles Brandon. 

Frances, 
m. Henry Grey. 

Lady Jane Grey. 



45. Charles I. 

r. 1625-1649. 

m. Henrietta Mary of 

France. 



S Protectorate of Cromwell. 
1653-1658. 



46. Charles II. Mary. 47. James II. 

r. 1661-1685. m. William, Prince of Orange. r. 1685-1689. 

m. Catherine of Portugal. | m. Anne Hyde. 



48. William III.— m.— Mary, 
r. 1689- 1702. 



Jam 
(1st Pretender). 

Charles Edward 
(2d Pretender). 



49. Anne, 
r. 1702-1714. 



Elizabeth. 

m. Frederick, Elector 

Palatine. 

Sophia, 
m. Ernest Augustus, 
Elector of Hanover. 

50. George I. 
r. 1714-1727. 

m. Sophia of Zell. 

51. George II. 
r. 1727-1760. 

m. Caroline of Anspack. 

I 
Frederick. 

52. George III. 
r. 1760-1826. 

m. Charlotte ol Mecklenburg. 
I 



53. George IV. 

r. 1826-1830. 
m. Caroline of Brunswick. 

Charlotte. 



54. William IV. 
r. 1830-1837. 



Edward Duke of Kent. 

Victoria, 
r. 1837- 
m. Prince Albert of Saxe- 
Coburg and Gotha. 



HANDY HELPS IN ENGLISH HISTORY. 



1066-10S7. 
: i the Reign of William the Conqueror, 

in English History. 

■:th. 

From Shakespeare. 

'.;'. The Last of the Saxon Kings. 

Bmhaer. 

Green's History of the English People or short his- 
tory I, Knight, Markham, Pinnock's Goldsmith, Yonge, 
and Dickens, are all acknowledged authorities, and one 
or more may be found in almost every house. Any one 
of these will answer the purpose. Only when special 
help or information is to be found in any particular one 
it will be designated. 

Contemporary Sovereigns. 



1199-1216. 

Through the Reign of King fohn, 

in English History. 
Sir Walter Scoffs " Tales of a Grandfather." 

First five Chapters. 



h tmioe. 



Fran :z 
Philip I. 

1. Bertha of Holland. 

2. Bertrade of Anjou. 



Wales. 
Grymth I. 
Blethyn ap'Rhywallon. 
Trahaern ap Caradoc. 
Grymth II. 
Scotland. 
Malcolm III. 
.'■fji'-f^ret cf England. 
Donald VII. 



I0S7-II99. 
The Reigns of William II., Henry I, 
Stephen, Henry II., and 
Richard I. , 

in English History. 
Strickland's Queens of England, Volume I. 
Talisman. 

Sir Walter Scott. 

Contemporary Sovereigns. 



Wales. 

Grymth II. 

Owen. 

David I. 

Llewellyn II. 

Joan of England. 



Sir Walter Scott. 



Contemporary Sovereigns. 

France. Scotland. 

Philip II. William I. 

1. Isabella of Hainault. Emergarda of Beaumont. 

2. Ingerburga of Denmark. Alexander II. 

3. Agnes of Merania. Joan of England. 

Mary of Coucy. 

Portugal. 

Sancho. 

Doulce of Barcelona. 

Alphonso II. 

Vrraca of Castile. 

Contemporary History. 
Philip II. (Augustus) and Richard Cceur de 
Lion go on a crusade together, but do not agree, 
and Philip returns home. Alexander II. of 
Scotland joins with the English barons in their 
revolt against King John, but sends an army to 
support his son, Henry III., against his revolt- 
ing nobles. Portugal is already gaining some 
renown in wars against the Moors. 



FRANCE. 

Louis VI. 

Adelaide of Savoy. 

Louis VII. 

1. Eleanor of Guienne. 

2. Constance of Castile. 

3. Alice of Cham: 
Philip II. (Augustus 

1. Isabella of Hainault. 

2. Ingerburga of Denmark. 

Scotland. 

-i-ar. 

Alexander. 

Eiizai-:-. .''England. 

David I. 

Maud, Heiress of Northumberland. 

Malcolm IV. 

am I. (the Lion.. 

Emergarda of Beaumont. 

Contemporary History. 
During this period France had civil war, war 
with England, and war with the Pope. Both 
Louis VJJL and Philip II. went on a crusade. 
^Ya:es, also, had war with England, both in the 
time of Henry II. and of John. Llewellyn II. 
finally submitted, and married the daughter of 
King John. David I. of Scotland espoused 
the cause of Matilda, and had war with Stephen. 
Richard I. formed friendship with William I. 
of Scotland. 



1216-1272. 

Through the Reign of Henry III, 

in English History 

Strickland s Queens of England, Volume II. 

Scottish Chiefs. 

Jane Porter. 

Contemporary Sovereigns. 

France. Scotland. 

Philip II. Alexander II 

1. Isabella of Hainault. 1. Joan of England. 

2. Ingerburga of Denmark. 2. Mary of Coucy. 

3. Agnes of Merania. 

Louis VIII. Alexander III. 

Blanche of Castile. 1. Margaret of England. 

Louis IX. 2. Yolanda of Dreux. 

Margaret of Provence. 

Wales. 

Llewellyn ap Jorwerth. 

Joan of England. 

David II. 

Llewellyn III. ap Gruffydd. 

Eleanor de Montpied. 

Contemporary History. 
Alexander II. of Scotland married Joan or 
Jane, daughter of King John of England. 
This child, as the old chron cler, Matthew 
Paris, says, had already twice stopped a cruel 
war. Alexander III. of Scotland also married 
an English princess. There were occasional 
wars and constant enmity between England 
and the Welsh. Louis IX. of France, called 
Saint Louis, and Henry IIL of England, mar. 
ried sisters. 



HAKDY HELPS IN ENGLISH HISTORY 



1272-1307. 
Through the Reign of EX • . I, 

in . 
Tales of a Grandfather, 

Chafttr- VI, VII., VIII. 
The Sea- Kings of the . ?zn. 

Rez: Gecrgi 7j -V r Tr&nsatd. 

rOO ?RARY Sovere: SN5. 



- 
Alexjaa 



I 
A : t >nso III. 



Vj^jv: -•'£» t -.'j«/ : Bmmtm^mt 

■ UC : IfatMrni : ^.-"f^«. 

Mi-. Don 

B2L0I. -•i i -.--: 

Frame 
: III. 
: ftmteHm »f Awmgtm. 

Ph. • iil . 

Jane lima ■ Ifwnwrrm. 

CONTEMPORARY HISTORY. 

Margaret, daughter of the kir.g ::' Nrrway. 
granddaughter and heiress of A exander III. 
of Scotland, and betrothed to Prince Edward of 
England, died while yet a child. It was the 
son of this Edward of England who was first 
called Prince of Wales, the father having con- 
quered that country. Edward I. of Eng.ir. 1 
and Philip III. of France wert cousins, their 
mothers having been sisters. 

See Green's History or short history) of the 
English People on this period for sketches of 
Roger Bacon and Simon de Montfort. 



1307-:;:- 
Throug " Xdzoard II, 

in English E: 
Tales of a G 

Chatters:: 
Castle Dangerous. 

Sir Wader Scott. 

mn r \xt S ""■"> a 



Scon 
Mmtj :■' • wit. 



s 

IV. 
XI 



France. 
- X 

2. Cle- 

I 
Phi :: 
1mm .'" B mr r mmJ y. 

Charles IV. 
1. Blanche. 

3 '-•■■ 

~.Y. 

This Robert Bruce St - the 

. is hero of whom sc many thrilling a 
- are told, both in history and rom::.:e. 
Nor was :ne in the historv of Scot- 

at that time. The stories of 
Douglas or Randolph are equally interim 
In France an ir : . . . skw was pre: 

r the desolating wars wit] 
III o England S "id, up tc 



had a hard ::r^ggle for life. In the eighth 
:;.- the Moors had cenq^ered almost the 
whole country, but a small band of pa 
had retired to the moun.a 
founded a kingdom ; from when ec - - had won 

st foot by foot, the land of 
forefathers. The little seedling had now grown 
into tnree kingd le and Leer 

sad Angus, though the M held 

possession of some of the fairt - rtkan of 
the : 
As our res 

T-r. 
the royal families of England and Spain. 
Richard I. won his belove ■ Cas- 

tile, while Eleanor of Eaglaad rr=rr.r 
phonso III. 



- 
Mar . : 

f - • : 

- 



..... 

ugh the Rr . zrd III, 

ir. I siary. 

. afo : T ~ a Grand - 

XII. , XIII, XIV., ar: 
Lances of L ynwoo d. 

n ncits. 

7 1 - 
. haries IV. 
£ ^<tcke. 

2. Mm -j 

3-." -- 

Ph:".-:? VI. 
: ~z - :■ .-_ -" 5 ■- -; - - -'•. 
z S . z • ;:.":■ j" ■ 
Johi 

2. Jane cf B^ynZagne. 

"j - • ■/-:■+-•.-. 

Cast::i 
- :nso XI. 
I - - 
Ron 

C: ! iwr HisTc? 

The history of France daring tl 
epoch is told by the chronicler. Froissarf 
one sentence: "The king of England lays the 
kingdom of France nnder grea: ::. 1 
Though, perhars. iftn ;'.' Fraace iid - 
the end sufFer more from this war laan Eaglas i 

I :*. The Spanairds, not cor. teal 
M : :r:s>. :":es. "rr - :.-: ~ - igi r.s: e=:"-. : .re- 
in Scotbuad, .-.'..-:. there aen 
succession. During g lived the 

. . ' I g - " WicI 
; - 



'377- 

■■■■ i" /":. X:. ■: 



HANDY HELPS IN ENGLISH HISTORY. 



Tales of a Grandfather, 

Chapters XVI, XVII., XVIII 
Fair Maid of Petth. 

Sir Walter Scott. 

Contemporary Sovereigns. 



Scotland. 

Robert II. 
Elizabeth of Muir. 

Robert III. 
Arabella Drummond. 



Francs. 

Charles V. 
Jane of Bourbon. 

Charles VI. 
Isabel ef Bavaria. 



Castile 

Henry II. 

Jane of Penaficl. 

John I. 

1. Eleanora of Aragon. 

2. Beatrice tf Portugal. 

Henry III. 
Catherine. 

Contemporary History. 
Under the reign of Charles V., called the 
Wise, the French recover almost all the places 
previously taken by the English, but his son 
succeeds to the throne when only twelve years 
old. There are numerous family quarrels 
among the nations during this epoch : Navarre 
with Castile, Brittany with France, etc. Four 
of Ireland's petty kings have yielded submis- 
sion to the king of England, though it requires 
constant warfare to keep them in subjection. 
A strange thing happened in the church at this 
time. There were two Popes ; this caused a 
schism in the church which lasted for years. 
During this period, also, the Turks began to 
cast longing eyes over into Europe. They were 
foiled in their first attempts, but at length 
gained a footing in what is called "Turkey in 
Europe," from which they have not even yet 
been entirely dislodged. 



1400-1413. 
Through the Reign of Henry IV., 

Dating from Richard II.' s Death, 

in English History. 
Strickland 's " Queens of England," 



Contemporary Sovereigns. 

France. Scotland. 

Charles VI. Robert III. 

Isabel o/" Bavaria. Arabella Drmmmcnd. 

Spain. 
Henry III. 
Catherine. 
John II. 
1. M. of Aragon. 
a. Isabel of Portugal. 

Contemporary History. 
There was civil war in Scotland and rebellion 
in Wales against England. France, also, with 
a king subject to fits of insanity, was divided 
between the houses of Orleans and Burgundy. 
Henry III. of Castile and John of Portugal 
each married a daughter of John of Gaunt of 
England. 



Volume III. 



Shakespeare's Henry IV. 



1413-1422. 
Through the Reign of Henry V., 

in English History* 
Tales of a Grandfather, 

Chapters XIX, XX, XXI. 
Shakespeare's Henry V. 

Contemporary Sovereigns. 

Scotland. France. 

James 1. Charles VI. 

Joan of Beaufort. Isabel of Bavaria. 

Spain. 

John II. 

1. M. of Aragon. 

2. Isabel of Portugal. 

Contemporary History. 
It was James I. of Scotland who was detained 
so many years as a prisoner in England. France 
was still rent by factions, and the ambitious 
young king of England took advantage of these 
dissensions to revive the claims of the English 
crown to the throne of France. As one condi- 
tion of the peace, he married Catherine, daugh- 
ter of the king of France. Philippa, sister of 
Henry V. of England, married Eric, king of 
Sweden and Denmark. The schism which had 
divided the Latin church for nearly forty years, 
was finally settled during this reign. 



* CHART OF THE HOUSES OF YORK AND LANCASTER. 
HENRY III. 



Edmund Crouchback. 
Henry of Lancaster. 
Henry of Lancaster. 



Edward I. 
Edward II. 
Edward III. 



Lancaster 



;}„.{»> 



third son. 



Black Prince. 



Henry IV. 
(Lancaster.) 



Lionel, Edmund, 

second son. Duke of York. 



Philippa, 
m. Edmund Mortimer. 

Richard II. Roger Mortimer. 



- Annie — 1 

(Mortimer.) 



— Richard. 
Duke «f York. 



HANDY HELPS IN ENGLISH HISTORY. 



France. 

Charles VII. 

Mary of Anjou. 



I422-I471. 
Through the Reign of Henry VI., 

in English History. 
Shakespeare 's Henry VI. 

The Wats of the Roses. 

Edgar. 

Contemporary Sovereigns. 

Castile. 
John II. 

1. M. of Aragon. 

2. Isabel of Portugal. 
Henry IV. 

Blanche of Navarre. 
Scotland. 
James I. 
Joan of Beaufort. 

James II. 
Margaret of Gueldres. 

Contemporary History. 
That which is most memorable in this period 
of the history of France is the singular career 
and notable achievements of a peasant girl, 
Joan of Arc. The kings of Castile were much 
under the influence of favorites, which got them 
into trouble, as it always does, but the country 
was, for the most part, at peace with Aragon 
and Granada, and, except for a brief war with 
Portugal, with the rest of the outside world. 
James I. of Scotland was murdered, and the 
country thereby plunged into the confusion and 
discord of a regency. But James II., after a 
brief struggle for power with the Douglas, 
established a firm control over his country, and 
enjoyed comparative tranquility. 



1471-1483. 
Through the Reign of Edward IV, 

in English History. 
Tales of a Grandfather, 

Chapters XXll., XX. II. 
Last of the Barons. 

* J Bulwer. 

Contemporary Sovereigns. 



Scotland. 

James III. 

Margaret of Denmark. 



of the aggrandizement of the house of Austria. 
Either by marriage or conquest, Navarre, Ara- 
gon and Castile were about this time united, 
and turned their combined power against the 
Moors. 



France. 
Louis XI. 

1. Margaret of Scotland. 

2. Ch*i lot te of Savoy. | 
Spain. Germany. 

Ferdinand and Isabella. Albert II. 

Elizabeth of Luxemburg. 

Contemporary History. 
Frederick HI. of Germany reigned during a 
most interesting age, though it did not reflect 
much credit upon him. The destruction of the 
Greek empire and the appearance of the vie. 
torious crescent upon the Danube failed to call 
forth the character of hero'which was demand 
ed in him. Nevertheless, he left his family's 
fortunes much more prosperous than at hi 
accession. The marriage of his son, Maximilian 
with the heiress of Burgundy, was the beginning 



1483-1485. 
The RHgns of Edward V. and 

Richard III, 

in English History. 
Shakespeare 's Richard III. 
Anne of Geierstein. 

Sir Walter Scott. 
Contemporary Sovereigns. 

Scotland. France. 

James III. Charles VIII. 

Margaret of Denmark. Anne, heiress of Brittany. 

Spain. Germany. 

Ferdinand and Isabella. Albert II. 

Elizabeth of Luxemburg. 

Contemporary History. 
The period of history for this month, though 
embracing two reigns, includes only the space 
of two or three years ; too short a time to 
chronicle many changes among national neigh- 
bors. The conflicting statements and widely- 
diverse opinions found in different historians of 
the period will furnish sufficient entertainment 
for the curious. To such we would suggest 
More, dramatized by Shakespeare, on one side, 
" Walpole's Historic Doubts," on the other. 
Gardiner is full, and apparently impartial, and 
Knight gives a good summary of the argument* 
for and against. 



1485-1509. 
Through the Reign of Henry VII, 

in English History. 
Marmion, and Lady of the Lake. 

^Scott's Poetical Works. 
Mary of Burgundy. 

J. P. R. /ames. 

Contemporary Sovereigns. 

Scotland. France. 

James III. Charles VIII. 

Margaret of Denmark. Anne of Brittany. 

James IV. Louis XII. 

Margaret oj England. 1. Jane of France. 

2. Anne of Brittany. 

3. Mary of England. 
Spain. Germany. 

Ferdinand and Isabella. Frederick III. 

Philip and Joanna. Eleanor of Portugal. 

Charles I. Maximilian. 

Elizabeth of Portugal. 1. Mary of Burgundy. 
2. Blanche of Milan. 

Contemporary History. 
James IV. of Scotland, by his marriage with 
the daughter of Henry VII. of England, pre- 
pared the way for the permanent union of the 
two kingdoms under James VI. of Scotland, I. 



HANDY HELPS IN ENGLISH HISTORY. 



of England. The son and daughter of Fred- 
erick III. of Germany married a princess and 
prince of Spain, thus throwing the weight of 
these two great powers into one scale, and un- 
settling the balance of Europe for the greater 
part of a century. The hand of the heiress 
of Brittany created quite a stir among the 
princes, which ended in her marrying two suc- 
cessive kings, Charles VIII. and Louis XII., of 
France. 

By the marriage of Ferdinand and Isabella, 
Castile and Aragon were united. Their daugh- 
ter, Catherine, was first wife to Henry VIII. of 
England. It was during this period, and under 
the special protection of Ferdinand and Isabella, 
that Columbus discovered America. 



I 509-1 547. 

Through the Reign of Henry VIII. , 

in English History . 
Shakespeare's Henry VIII. 
Household of Sir Thomas More. 

Contemporary Sovereigns. 

Scotland. 
James IV. 
Margaret of England. 

James V. 
1. Magdalen of France. 
2 Mary of Lorraine. 
Miry 



France. 
Louis XII. 
i. Jane of France. 

2. Anne of Brittany. 

3. Mary of England. 

Francis I. 
1. Claude of France. 



Francis, Dauphin of France. 2. Eleanor of Austria. 

Spain. Germany. 

Ferdinand. Maximilian I. 

1. Isabella of Castile. Mary of Burgundy. 

2. Germaine of France. Blanche of Milan. 

Charles of Spain and Germany. 
Elizabeth of Portugal. 

Contemporary History. 
The history of the wars in Italy was virtually 
the history of continental Europe for the greater 
part of the reign of Henry VIII., France, Spain 
and the Pope contending for the right to rule 
over the different Italian States. Pope Julius 
II. was ambitious to expel all foreign armies 
from the country and render Italy free, save for 
the supreme sway of the See of Rome, but death 
overtook him before he had fully attained his 
object, and however strongly his successor 
might have desired to follow out his policy, his 
pontificate stands, upon the record of history, 
chiefly remarkable for the rise of the great Ref- 
ormation. The brilliant figures of Charles V. 
of Spain and Germany, and Francis I. of France, 
made illustrious the latter part of this period. 
The sovereigns of Scotland also became en- 
tangled to their hurt by yielding to the influence 
of France against their neighbors, relatives and 
natural friends, the English. 



I547-I553- 
Th> ugh the Reign of Edward VI, 

in English History. 
Tales of a Grandfather, 

From Chapter XXIII. to Chapter XXXI. 
The Monastery. 

Sir Walter Scott. 

Contemporary Sovereigns. 

Scotland. France. 

Mary. Henry II. 

Francis II. of France. Catherine de Mtdicis. 

Spain and Germany. 

Charles V 
Elizabeth of Portugal. 

Contemporary History. 
Charles V. was wise, politic and popular, and 
managed to hold the power over his immense 
domains (Spain and the Empire) as few others 
could have done, but found himself utterly un- 
able to force his Protestant subjects to "return 
to the bosom of the church." The king of 
France, Henry II., was inferior to his prede- 
cessor, but there were many noted characters in 
France at this time, the Duke of Guise, Marshal 
de Vielleville, Gaspard de Coligny, etc. 



1553-1558. 
Through the Reign of Mary, 

in English History. 
Strickland's " Queens of England." 

Volume V. 
The Abbott. 

Sir Walter Scott. 

Contemporary Sovereigns. 

Scotland. France. 

Mary. Henry II. 

1. Francis II of France Catherine de Medicis. 

2. Henry, Lard Darnley. 

Spain. Germany. 

Philip II. Ferdinand I. 

Mary of England. Anne of Hungary. 

Contemporary History. 
Ferdinand I., the brother of Charles V., fell 
heir to his German dominions. Philip II., his 
son, became king of Spain. It was this Philip 
II. who married Mary, queen of England, and 
who made such a determined, uncompromising 
effort to bring the Netherlander back into the 
Romish church. Under him, the Duke of Alva 
won an unenviable notoriety for cruelty and 
bigotry, and against him William of Orange 
won a high place in history for indomitable 
courage, energy and perseverance. Dur ng this 
period Calas, which had been in possession of 
the English since the time of Edward III., was 
recovered by the French. 

1 558-1603. 
Through the Reign of Elizabeth, 

in English History. 



Handy helps in English history. 



Life of Sir Walter Raleigh. 
Kenilworth. 



Patrick F. Tytler. 

Sir Walter Scott. 
Contemporary Sovereigns. 

Scotland. Germany. 

Mary. Ferdinand I. 

i. Francis II. of France. Anne of Hungary. 

2. Lord Darnley. Maximilian II. 

3. Earl Bothwell. Mary, Daughter of 

James VI. Charles V. 

Anne 0/ Denmark. Rudolphus II. 

France. Spain. 

Francis II. Philip II. 

Mary, Queen of Scots. Mary of Portugal. 

Charles IX. Mary of England. 

Elizabeth of Austria. Elizabeth of France. 

Henry III. Anne of Austria. 
Louisa of Lorraine. Philip III. 

Henry IV. Margaret of Austria. 
Margaret of Valois. 

Contemporary History. 

Catherine de Medicis, wife of Henry II., held 
almost undisputed sway through the reigns of 
her three sons, and she is supposed to have been 
one of the prime movers in the terrible massacre 
of St. Bartholomew, which cast such a horror 
over all Europe. Philip II. was more successful 
in his struggle against Protestantism in Spain 
than he w.as in the Netherlands. 

Both Ferdinand I. and his son, Maximilian, 
seem to have learned the lesson of moderation 
so little known elsewhere in Europe. The dif- 
ference of religious opinion between the Scot- 
tish sovereigns and their subjects was a source 
of great trouble, as it always is. 



1603-1625. 
Through the Reign of James I., 

in English History. 
Life of Francis Bacon. 

R. W. Church. 
English Men of Letters Series. 
Judith Shakespeare. 

William Black. 

Contemporary Sovereigns. 



Germany. 
Rudolph II. 
Matthias. 
Anne of Austria. 

Ferdinand II. 
Mary of Bavaria. 
Eleanor of Consagues. 

Sweden. 
Gustavus Adolphus. 
Eleanor of Brandenburg. 



France. 
Henry IV. 

Margaret of Valois. 
Mary de Medici. 

Louis XIII. 

Anne of Spain. 

Spain. 

Philip III. 

Margaret of Austria. 

Philip IV. 

1. Elizabeth of France. 

2. Mary Anne of Austria. 

Contemporary History. 
It was Henry IV. who granted the Edict of 
Nantes, the great bulwark of French Protest- 
antism. The weak Emperor of Germany, Rudolph 
or Rudolphus, allowed a great deal of his em- 
pire to slip away from him. Ferdinand, who 
became his successor as king of Bohemia, was 
entirely unacceptable to his subjects, and an at- 



tempt was made to place Frederick V. on the 
throne instead, but the latter had not the neces- 
sary strength and energy to hold his position. 
When the conflict came, Ferdinand triumphed, 
and Frederick fled a refugee to Holland. This 
was one small corner of a desolating war, which 
raged from Bohemia to the mouth of the Scheldt, 
from the Po to the Baltic, known in history as 
the "Thirty Years' War." One of the most 
brilliant heroes of this war was Gustavus Adol- 
phus of Sweden. 



1625-1648. 
Through the Reign of Charles I., 

in English History. 
Life of Oliver Cromwell. 

Carlyle. 
Mask of Comus and Elegy of Lycidas. 

Milton. 

For those who have time for more than this, we 
would suggest " Macaulay's Essay on Hampden," and 
the recently puhlished " Life of Gustavus Adolphus," 
by John L. Stevens, LL.D. The poems of Milton, given 
above, were written during this period. Those who 
have access to Green's History of the English People 
will find there fine sketches of Elliott, Earl of Stafford, 
and Buckingham. 

Contemporary Sovereigns. 



France. 

Louis XIII. 
Anne of Spain. 

Louis XIV. 
Mary Theresa of 



Germany. 
Ferdinand II. 

1. Mary of Bavaria. 

2. Eleanor of Consagues. 
Ferdinand III. 



Austro-Spain. Mary of Spain. 
Spain. Sweden. 

Philip IV. Gustavus Adolphus. 

1. Elizabeth of France. Eleanor of Brandenburg. 

2. Mary Anne of Austria. Christina. 

Contemporary History. 
The man who molded, for the most part, the 
history of France, and shared the responsibility 
of almost every political event of Europe during 
this period was Cardinal Richelieu, Minister of 
State. The result of his administration in France 
was the establishment of the absolute authority 
of the sovereign. It was during this period that 
the "Pilgrims" landed on the coast of Massa- 
chusetts, and found a home there. Ireland, once 
the home of letters, arts, science and biblical 
study, had, even in the time of Henry II., sunk 
to a condition of barbarism and superstition. 
Nearly all of the English kings, from that time 
on, that were at all aggressive, had attempted 
the civilization of Ireland, but either they had 
tried the wrong way, or the Irish were incorri- 
gible, for each effort seemed to leave the island- 
ers worse than before. The would-be benefac- 
tors succeeded only in inspiring them with 
hatred and distrust of the English. 



to 



HANDY HELPS IN" ENGLISH HISTORY. 



i 648- 1 660. 

Through the Supremacy of Cromwell, 

in English History. 
Maiden and Married Life of Mary Powell. 

Anne Manning. 
Woodstock. 

Sir Walter Scott. 

Contemporary Sovereigns. 

Francs. Spain. 

Louis XIV. Philip IV. 

Mary Theresa of 1. Elizabeth of France. 

Austro-Spain. 2. Mary Anne of Austria. 
Germany. 
Ferdinand III. Sweden. 

Mary of Spain. Christina. 

Leopold I. Charles X. 

1. Margaret of Spain. Hedwige of 

2. Claudia. Holstein-Gottorf. 

3. Eleanora of Newburgh. 

Portugal. 

John IV. 

Louisa of Gasman. 

Contemporary History. 
Spain had reached the zenith of her greatness 
in the reign of Ferdinand and Isabella, and had 
been gradually declining ever since in agriculture, 
commerce and mechanical arts. The Portuguese, 
who had been for awhile under the rule of Spain, 
took advantage of the succession of weak princes 
to claim their independence. Germany was still 
in a state of depression from the thirty years' 
war, and had, moreover, to contend with the 
unscrupulous ambition of its young French 
neighbor, Louis XIV. Nevertheless, Ferdinand 
ruled with wisdom and moderation, and Ger- 
many was at peace. Leopold, his son and suc- 
cessor, was mild and inactive ; so the country 
suffered. Cromwell laid a heavy hand upon 
poor Ireland ; but, when his work was done, the 
island was at his feet for the time. The war of 
the Fronde commenced in France in the early 
part of the reign of Lous XIV. 

1660-1685. 
Through the Reign of Charles II. , 

in English History. 
Paradise Lost. 

Milton. 
Peveril of the Peak. 

Sir Walter Scott. 

Contemporary Sovereigns. 

France. Spain. 

Louis XIV. Philip IV. 

Mary Theresa of Spain. 1. Elizabeth of France. 

2. Mary Anne of Austrea. 
Carlos II. 
Germany. t. Mary Louise of France. 

Leopold I. 2. Mary of Newburgh. 

1. Margaret of Spain. Sweden. 

2. Claudia, (His Cousin). Charles XI. 

3. Eleanora of Newburgh. Ulricd\f Denmark. 

Portugal. > 

Alphonso VI. 
Mary of Savoy. 
Pedro II. 

1. Mary of Savoy. v^ 

2. Mary Palatine. 



Contemporary History. 

By this time Louis XIV. had begun in earnest 
to show his claws. His first campaign alarmed 
Europe, and England, Holland and Sweden 
formed the " triple alliance " against him, but 
Louis managed to have influential friends in 
each country, controlled by his money. William 
of Orange, the young Stadtholder, was his most 
determined and powerful opponent. 

The German princes, with a few noble excep- 
tions, looked on with indifference at the aggres- 
sive movements of Louis, but were aroused to 
activity at last by a revolt of the Hungarians 
and a fresh invasion of the Turks. The affairs 
of Spain grew worse and worse ; civil dissensions 
were added to general decay. Portugal, after 
gaining its independence, seemed, for awhile, to 
promise better things; but, like Spain, had to 
contend against the disadvantage of weak and 
wicked kings. 



16S5-1702. 
The Reigns of James II. and William III, 

in English History. 
Macaulay 1 s History of England. 

We give but this one book for this month, as Macau- 
lay's history covers so completely the whole period. 
This may be rather more than the usual quantity of 
reading, but we are confident that no one who allows 
himself to become interested in it will be willing to do 
less. 

Contemporary Sovereigns. 

France. Spain. 

Louis XIV. Carlos II. 

Mary Theresa of Spain. 1. Mary of Orleans. 

2. Mary of Newburgh. 
Poland. Prussia. 

John Sobieski. Frederick I. 

Mary of La Grange. 1. Elizabeth of 

Frederick Augustus I. Hesse- Cassel. 

Christina of 2. Sophia of Hanover. 

Brandenburg-Bayreuth. 3. Sophia of Mecklenburg. 
Germany. 
Leopold 1. 

Contemporary History. 

Louis XIV. still ruled in France, and, thanks 
to his able advisers and full coffers, to a consid- 
erable extent in all Europe. Leopold I. was 
still emperor in Germany also, but a spirit of 
royal aspirations was abroad among his princes. 
The house of Hanover was raised to the elec- 
toral dignity, and, in the next generation, placed 
a king upon the English throne. On the death 
of the gallant John Sobieski, Frederick Augus- 
tus, prince of Saxony, was elected king of the 
Poles, and Frederick, elector of Brandenburg, 
and Duke of Prussia, assumed the title, no man 
hindering, of king of Prussia. 



HANDY HELPS IN ENGLISH HISTORY. 



ii 



i 702-1 714. 
The Reign of Queen Anne, 



Life of Addison, 
Henry Esmond. 



in English History. 
English Men of Letters Series. 
Thackeray, 



Contemporary Sovereigns. 

France. Germany. 

Louis XIV. Leopold I. 

Mary Theresa 1. Margaret of Spain, 

of Austro-Spain. 2. Claudia. 

3. Eleanor a 0/ Newburgh. 
Poland. Joseph I. 

Frederick Augustus I. Wilhelmina of Hanover. 
Christina of Charles VI. 

Brandenburg-Bayreuth. Elisabeth of Brunswick, 

Prussia. Russia. 

Frederick William I. Peter I. 

1. Elisabeth of 1. Eudoxia Lapoukin. 

Hesse-Cassel. a. Catherine I. 

2. Sophia of Hanover. 

3. Sophia of Mecklenburg. Spain. 

Disputed Succession. 
Sweden. 
Charles XII. 

The death of Charles II. of Spain proved a 
matter of the greatest moment to all Europe, 
because his successor was to be chosen either 
from the house of Bourbon or the house of 
Austria, and this seriously involved the balance 
of power in Europe. The two principal claim- 
ants were Philip, Duke of Anjou, grandson of 
Louis XIV. of France, and Charles, second son 
of Leopold, Emperor of Austria. The war 
ended, leaving Philip upon the throne, but under 
a solemn covenant to renounce for himself and 
heirs all claim to the throne of France. While 
all Southern Europe was thus contending over 
the throne of Spain, the Swedish king was cre- 
ating some commotion among the Northern 
powers. Because he was only a boy of fifteen, 
his neighbors thought it good time to settle all 
reasonable or unreasonable claims upon his do- 
minions, however long or justly disputed. But 
they found Charles XII. better able to defend 
himself than they supposed, though he did suc- 
cumb at las: to overpowering numbers. 



1714-1727. 

The Reign of George /., 

in English History^ 
The History of tin Four Georges, Vol I, 

Justin AfcCarthy. 
Waverly, 

Sir Walter Scott. 

Contemporary Sovereigns. 

France. Spain. 

Louis XV. Philip V. 

Mary Lecsinska of Poland. Louisa Mary of Savoy. 



Russia. Germany. 

Peter I. Charles VI. 

i, Eudoxia Lapoukin. Elisabeth of Brtinswick, 

a. Ctherim I. 

Prussia. 
Frederick William I. 
l. Sophia of England. 

The death of Louis XIV. left the throne of 
France to his great-grandson, Louis XV.,* child 
of six years. The crown in the hands of a child 
excited the cupidity of Philip, notwithstanding 
his renunciation of all claim, and though there 
were marriages, and an outwardly friendly inter- 
course, there was real enmity and jealousy. 
Meanwhile Russia, under the vigorous efforts of 
Peter the Great, and his wife, Catherine I., was 
pushing its way to the ranks of civilized nations. 

1 727-1 760. 
The Reign of George LL, 

in English History, 
Life and Times of Prince Charles Stuart. 

Ewald. 
Red Gauntlet. 

Sir Walter Scott. 

Contemporary Sovereigns. 

Russia. France. 

Peter II. Louis XV. 

Anne. Alary Leczinska. 
(Biron, Duke of Courland.) 

Ivan III. Spain. 

Elizbeth. Philip V. 

Louisa Mary of Savoy. 

Germany. Louis. 

Charles VI. Louise of Orleans. 

Elizabeth of Brunswick. Ferdinand. 

Charles VII. Mary of Portugal. 
Mary Amelia, d. of Joseph I. 

Maria Theresa. Prussia. 

Francis, Duke of Lorraine. Frederick William I. 



Sophia of England. 
Frederick t" 



the Great. 
Elizabeth of Brunswick. 
Poland. 
Frederick Augustus II. 
Mary Joseph of Austria. 

The principal matter of interest in Europe 
during this period was the contest between the 
two young sove eigns, Frederick the Great, 
King of Prussia, and Maria Theresa, the youth- 
ful Empress of Austri , and many are the pages, 
both of history and romance, which have been 
filled with the thrilling events thereof. Russia 
had various changes in government. Philip V. 
of Spain died, and was succeeded by two of his 
sons in succession. 



1760-1820 
The Reign of George LLL, 

Madame d'Ar&lay's Diary. 
The Virginians, 



in English History. 



Thackeray. 
Contemporary Sovereigns. 



Russia. 
Peter III 



France. 
Louis XV. 



i2 



HANDY HELPS IN ENGLISH HISTORY. 



Catharine II. Mary Leczinska. 

Catharine II. Louis XVI. 

Paul I. Marie Antoinette. 
Republic. 

Spain. Napoleon Bonaparte. 
Charles III. 

Mary of Saxony. Denmark. 

Charles IV. Christian VII. 

Louisa of Parma. Caroline Matilda 

Ferdinand VII. of England. 

Mary of Naples. Frederick VI. 

Joseph Bonaparte. Mary of Hesse- Cassel. 

Portugal. Austria. 

Maria. Francis I. and Maria 

John VI. Theresa. 

Charlotte of Spain. Joseph II. 

I. Isabel of Parma. 
Prussia. 2. Josepha of Bavaria. 

Frederick the Great. Leopold II. 

Frederica of Brandenburg. Maria Louisa of Spain. 
Frederick Wm. II. Francis II. 

1. Caroline of Brunswick. 1. Elizabeth of Wurtemburg 

2. Charlotte Augusta 2. Maria Theresa of Naples 

of England. 3. Marie Beatrix of Austria 
Frederick Wm. III. 
Louisa of Mecklen- 

burg-Strelitz. 

Presidents of the United States. 

George Washington 1789-1797 

John Adams 1797-1801 

Thomas Jefferson 1801-1809 

James Madison 1809-1817 

During the long reign of George III. there 
was war between the American colonies and 
England, which resulted in their gaining entire 
independence of the mother country and estab- 
lishing a republican government for themselves; 
and the great, the most terrible of the revolu- 
tions of France, during which various phases of 
government were tried, until finally Napoleon 
Bonaparte seized the reins and established a 
despotic empire. Catharine II. was one of the 
most noted sovereigns of Europe at this time, 
but her memory is tarnished by the part she took 
in the partition of Poland, and her otherwise 
wicked life. 



I 820- 1 830. 
The Reign of George IV., 

Memoirs of Madam Bunsen. 
Tale of Two Cities. 



in English History. 



Charles Dickens. 
Contemporary Sovereigns. 



France. 

Louis XVIII. 

Charles X. 

Denmark. 

Frederick VI. 

Mary of Hesse- Cassel. 

Portugal. 

John VI. 

Charlotte of Spain. 

( Dona Maria. 

\ Miguel. 

Russia. 

Alexander I. 

Louisa of Baden. 

Nicholas 1. 

Charlotte of Prussia. 



Spain. 
Ferdinand VII. 
Alary of Naples. 

Prussia. 
Frederick Wm. III. 
Louisa of Mecklenburg. 

Sweden. 

Charles XIII. 

Hediuige of Holstein. 

Charles John XIV. 

Desiree Clary. 

Austria. 
Francis II. 

1. Elizabeth of Wurtemburg 

2. Maria Theresa of Naples 

3. Marie Beatrix of Austria 



Naples. Sardinia. 

Ferdinand IV. Charles Felix. 

Francis I. Charles Albert. 
Ferdinand II. 

Presidents of the United States. 

James Monroe 1817-1825 

John Quincy Adams 1825-1829 

Andrew Jackson 1829-1837 

Bonaparte, after a brief and brilliant career 
of ambition, and having by force ol arms com- 
pelled almost every government on continental 
Europe to yield to his power, was himself in 
turn obliged to succumb to the combination of 
all Europe against him under the leadership of 
England. On his abdication a brother of the 
murdered Louis XVI. was restored to the throne, 
under title of Louis XVIII. Spain suffered greatly 
from the despotic ambition of Bonaparte, who 
placed his own brother on the throne. And 
John VI. of Portugal took refuge with his fam- 
ily in their American colony of Brazil. Mean- 
while, Austria, Russia and Prussia had formed 
between them "the Holy Alliance," for mutual 
defense and protection. 

1830-1837. 
The Reign of William IV., 

in English History. 
The Government of England. 

Wm. Edivard Hearne. 
St. Ronan's Well. 

Contemporary Sovereigns. 

France. Prussia. 

Louis Philippe. Frederick Win. III. 

Marie Amelie of Naples. Louisa of Mecklen- 

Sweden. burg-Strelitz. 

Charles John XIV. Spain. 

Desiree Clary. Ferdinand VII. 

Naples and Sicily. *■ Maria Christina. 

Ferdinand II. 2 - lobelia. 

Austria. ^v S ^ RDI ?Iu • 

Francis II. Charles Albert, 

i. Elizbaeth of Wurtemburg Russia. 

2. Maria Theresa of Naples Nicholas I. 

3. Maria Beatrice of Austria Frederika Louisa of 

Ferdinand I. Prussia. 

Caroline, daughter of Vic- United States. 

. tor Emanuel. Andrew Jackson. 

Portugal. 
Miguel. 
Maria Restored. 

The ambition of Bonaparte had unsettled 
nearly every government in Europe, and a wave 
of revolutionary spirit followed soon after. Spain 
and Portugal were rent with contending factions. 
France grew once more disgusted with the Bour- 
bon family, and by a sudden turn of the social 
wheel placed Louis Philippe on the throne. 
Belgium and Holland fought themselves free 
from a union into which they had been forced 
by the autocratic powers of Europe. Russia's 
Polish provinces were in arms, and there was 
much excitement in the German States. Even 
in the United States Gen. Andrew Jackson did 



HANDY HELPS IN ENGLISH HISTORY. 



13 



not find his eight years' administration all smooth 
sailing. There was some trouble with the In- 
dians, and a right serious crisis with South Car- 
olina, besides the bank troubles. 



1837-1861. 
From the Beginning of the Reign of Victoria, 

in English History. 
The History of Our Chun Times. 

Justin McCarthy. 
Sibyl. 

D' 'Israeli. 

Contemporary Sovereigns. 

France. Russia. 

Louis Philippe. Nicholas I. 

Marie Amelie of Naples. Frederika Louisa of Prussia 
Louis Napoleon. Alexander II. 

Eugenie de Montijo. Maria Alexandrovna of 

Hesse- Da rmstadt. 
Spain. 
Isabel II. Prussia. 

Don Francisco de'Assis. Frederick William IV. 

Elizabeth of Bavaria. 
Portugal. 
Dona Maria. Austria. 

1. Augustus qf Leuchten- Ferdinand I. 

berg. Caroline. 

2. Ferdinand of Saxe- Francis Joseph I. 

Coburg-Gotha. Sophia of Bavaria. 

Pedro V. 

Denmark. 
Sweden. Christian VIII. 

Oscar I. Charlotte Frederika of 

Josephine, daughter of Eu- Mecklenburg-Schwerin. 
gene Beauharnais. Frederick VII. 

Charles XV. 1. Wilhelmina Maria of 

Louise of Holland. Denmark. 

2. Caroline Charlotte of 
Mecklenburg- Strelitz. 

United States. 

Martin Van Buren 1837-1841. 

Wra. Henry Harrison 1841-for one month. 

John Tyler 1841-1845. 

James K. Polk 1845-1849. 

Zachary Taylor 1849-for one year. 

M Hard Fillmore 1850-1853. 

Franklin Pierce 1 853-1857. 

James Buchanan .1857-1861. 

In this period again we have in France an- 
other of her characteristic coups d'etat, which 
places Napoleon III. in power and sends Louis 
Philippe into exile. Then there is the famous 
Crimean War, begun by Russia against the 
Turks, but into which France and England are 
both drawn to face the Russian aggressor and 
prevent, for the time, his further aggrandize- 
ment , and the Hungarians' brave struggle for 
independence ; the war in Italy, which ended 
with Victor Emanuel proclaimed king, and 
considerable insurrectionary agitation in Ger- 
many. The United States also have a war with 
Mexico, and a good deal of trouble over the 
new States being formed. 



1861- 
The Reign of Victoria, Continued, 

in English History. 
Life of the Prince Consort. 

Martin. 
The Queen. 

Mrs. Oliphant. 

Contemporary Sovereigns. 

Prussia. Austria. 

William I. Francis Joseph I. 

Augusta of Saxe-Weimar- Sophia of Bavaria. 

Eisenach. 

Italy. 
Russia. Victor Emanuel. 

Alexander II. Archduchess Adelaide 

Maria Alexandrovna of of Austria. 

Hesse- Da rmstadt. 
Alexander III. Portugal. 

Princess Dagmar of Den- Louis I. 

mark. P{ a , 

daughter of 
Sweden. Victor Emanuel. 

Charles XV. 
Princess Louisa Denmark. 

of Holland. Christian IX. 

Oscar II. Louisa of Hesse. 

Sophia Wilhelmina 

of Nassau. Greece. 

William George I., 
Spain. (son of 

Isabel II. Christian IX. of Denmark). 

Don Francisco de'Assis. Olga, 

Amadeus of Aosta, daughter of Grand-Duke 
son of Victor Emanuel. Constantine of Russia. 

Alfonso XII. 
Marie Christine of Aush ia 

The Republic of France. 

President— M. Thiers 1871-1873 

Marshal MacMahon _i873-i878 

M. Jules Grevy.. 1878 

United States. 

Abraham Lincoln.. 1861-1865 

Andrew Johnson 1865-1869 

U. S Grant. 1869-1877 

Rutherford B. Hayes ...1877-1881 

James A. Garfield _i88i-for 6 mos. 

Chester A. Arthur 1881-1885 

The war of the Confederacy was the next 
matter of interest. Four years of bloody war- 
fare between the Northern and Southern States, 
and the questions of slavery and States' rights 
permanently settled. Victor Emmanuel, having 
succeeded in founding a uniterl kingdom of Italy, 
dies and leaves his son upon the throne. Spain, 
having banished her queen for misconduct, and 
given unintentional grounds for the Franco- 
Prussian War, accepts as king the son of her ex- 
iled queen, and settles down into uneventful 
existence. Prussia, Emperor William and Bis- 
marck seem to receive fresh aggrandizement 
from every turn of fortune's wheel, especially 
from the Franco-Prussian War, which leaves 
poor Louis Napoleon a captive, soon to die. 
France is at last a republic. Has she learned 
sufficient moderation to accept liberty without 
claiming license ? 



Note. — We have tried to select, as far as possible, such books as can be easily obtained, 
even among those published in cheap editions ; though one or two may have crept in of those 
which are more rare. , 



14 



HANDY HELPS IN ENGLISH HISTORY. 



Sovereigns of England, 
William I 



Began to Reign. 
1066 



William II i°8 



Henry I "°° 



Stephen "35 



Henry II "54 



Richard I. ...n8 



John 

Henry III. 



.1199 
.1216 



Edward I — 1172 



Edward II. 
Edward III. 



Richard II 1377 



Henry IV .. 1399 



Henry V. . 
Henry VI. 



Popes. Elected 
Alexander II. ...1061 

Gregory VII 1073 

Victor III - 1086 

Urban II 1088 

Pascal II 1099 

Gelastius II ...1118 

Calixtus II - "19 

HONORIUS II "34 

Innocent II . "3° 

Celestine II "43 

Lucius II , "44 

Eugenius III - "45 

Anastasius IV. "S3 

Adrian IV "54 

Alexander III "59 

Lucius III - - "81 

Urban III... - "85 

Gregory VIII "87 

Clement III "88 

Celestine III - "91 

Innocent III "98 

Honorius III 1216 

Gregory IX 1227 

Celestine IV — 1241 

Innocent IV. ^.. 1243 

Alexander IV... 1234 

Urban IV - 1261 

Clement IV - 1265 

Gregory X — 1272 

Innocent V 1276 

Adrian V 1276 

John XXI 1276 

Nicholas III 1277 

Martin IV - - ...1281 

Honorius IV. - — .1285 

Nicholas IV. 1288 

Celestine V 1294 

Boniface VIII 1295 

Benedict X 1303 

Clement V 130s 

John XXII _ 1316 

Benedict XI 1334 

Clement VI 1342 

Innocent VI 1352 

Urban V 1362 

Gregory XI. 1370 

Urban VI 1378 

Boniface IX 1390 

Innocent VII 1404 

Gregory XII 1406 

Alexander V 1409 

John XXIII - - 1410 

Martin V 1417 

Eugenius IV 1431 

Nicholas V 1447 

Calixtus III,..-., .,....,..1*55 



HANDY HELPS IN ENGLISH HISTORY. 15 

Pius II 1458 



Edward IV 1461 



Edward V 1483 

Richard III. 

Henry VII 1485 



Henry VIII - 1509 

Edward VI . 1547 

Mary... 1553 

Elizabeth 1558 



James .1 1603 



Charles I --1625 

Cromwell 1649 

Charles II. 1660 



James II 1685 

William and Mary 1689 



Anne , 1702 

George I 1714 



George II 1727 

George III 1760 

George IV 1820 

William IV 1830 

Victoria. _, .„., ,.1837 



Paul II. 1464 

Sextus IV 1471 



Innocent VIII. 1484 

Alexander VI 1492 

Pius III 1503 

Julius II ; 1503 

Leo X 1513 

Adrian VI 1522 

Clement VII 1523 

Paul III 1534 

Julius III. 1550 

Marcellus II 1555 

Paul IV 1555 

Pius IV 1559 

PiusV 1566 

Gregory XIII 1572 

Sextus V --1585 

Urban VII _ 1590 

Gregory XIV 1590 

Innocent IX. --1591 

Clement VIII _ _ 1592 

Leo XI 1605 

Paul V 1605 

Gregory XV 1621 

Urban VIII 1623 

Innocent X 1644 

Alexander VII 1655 

Clement IX 1667 

Clement X 1670 

Innocent XI ...1676 

Alexander VIII 1689 

Innocent XII 1691 

Clement XI 1700 



Innocfnt XIII. 1721 

Benedict XIII. — 1724 

Clement XII 1730 

Benedict XIV 1740 

Clement XIII 1758 

Clement XIV 1769 

Pius VI 1775 

Pius VII 1800 

Leo XII 1823 

Pius VIII 1829 

Gregory XVI 1S31 



Pius IX... 
Leo XIII. 



.1846 
.1S7S 



1 6 



HANDY HELPS IN ENGLISH HISTORY. 



REIGNING SOVEREIGNS OF EUROPE MD ISIS. 



(1887.) 

EUROPE. 





Government. 


Chief Executive. 


Title. 


AUSTRIA is formed of the German") 
Monarchy, Austria and the Magyar V 


Dual State 




(Emperor of Aus- 
■< tria, and King of 
( Hungary. 


Kingdom, Hungary J 

FRANCE _ 






BULGARIA 






Reigning Prince. 
Emperor. 

King. 

King. 
King. 


GERMANY, composed of 26 divisions. 


Empire .. 




NORWAY AND SWEDEN are un- ) 

der the same government J 

THE NETHERLANDS 








PORTUGAL 






SERVIA 






SPAIN 






King 


RUSSIA 






SWITZERLAND 


Republic .. 

Kingdom 

Principality 

Empire 

Principality.. 

Kingdom 

Kingdom 

Kingdom 


President Elected for one year. 


Pres.dent. 

King. 

Reigning Prince. 

Queen. 

Reigning Prince. 

King. 

King. 

King. 


DENMARK (Iceland is a tributary)... 


MONTENEGRO 


Nicholas I 


GREAT BRITAIN combines Eng- ) 
land, Ireland, Scotland and Wales., f 
ROUMANIA 


Charles I 


BELGIUM 


GREECE 




ITALY 


Humbert I.. 



ASIA. 



TURKEY 

PERSIA 

AFGHANISTAN 

SIAM 

CHINA 



JAPAN... 

INDIA ... 
SIBERIA 



-{ 



Government. 



Abdul Hamid II. 

Nassr-ed Din 

Abdurrahman Khan. 

Chulalou Korn I 

Tsai-tien - 



Despotic Empire 

Empire _ 

Empire 

Kingdom 

Empire 

Changing from a des- 
potic empire to a con- 
stitutional monarchy. 
Dependency of Eng- 
land 

A possession of Rus- 

PENINSULA OF TONQUIN, ANAM"c6cHl"N CHiNA," SAIGON "and" CAM" 
BODIA 



Chief Executive. 



Mutsu Hlto 

Earl of Dufferin. 
Czar of Russia. 



Title. 



Stilt an. 

Shah. 

Ameer. 

King. 

Emperor. 



Mikado. 

Governor General 
or Viceroy. 

Occupied and gov- 
erned by a French 
army. 



We hope to publish within a few months, or earlier, a little budget of companion sketches 
in English history, and hope those who find help in this modest pamphlet will let us know of thei r 
wish for the other. 



